Early pregnancy ultrasound plays an important role in confirmation of pregnancy, establishing viability and location of the pregnancy, confirming fetal number and type of placentation in multiple pregnancy and facilitating early diagnosis of life-threatening abnormalities such as ectopic or molar pregnancy. In this chapter, we will provide the reader with key information on the value of early pregnancy ultrasound.

A PUL is defined as occuring when a patient tests positively for pregnancy but the initial transvaginal ultrasound scan is not able to locate the pregnancy. It is currently believed that the best way to manage these cases is by performing risk prediction, for which hCG and progesterone are used as biomarkers.

Cesarean scar pregnancy (CSP) is an abnormal implantation of the gestational sac in the area of the prior caesarean delivery (CD) scar, potentially leading to life-threatening complications, including severe haemorrhage, uterine rupture and development of placenta accreta spectrum (PAS) disorders.

Cervical ectopic pregnancy refers to an abnormal implantation of a fertilized ovum within the myometrium below the level of the internal os with a reported incidence of less than 1% of all ectopic pregnancies.

Intramural ectopic pregnancy refers to an abnormal implantation of a pregnancy within the myometrium. A gestational sac extending beyond the endometrial-myometrial junction is the defining feature. Intramural ectopic pregnancies should be subdivided into partial and complete. Ultrasound is the first-hand diagnostic tool.

Ovarian ectopic pregnancy (OEP) is a rare type of ectopic pregnancy in which the fertilized ovum implants into the ovary.

An ectopic pregnancy is defined as the presence of a pregnancy outside the uterine cavity, the commonest location being the fallopian tube. They account for 1-2% of pregnancies in the UK and may be as high as 4% with assisted conception.

Interstitial ectopic pregnancy is defined as the ectopic gestation implanting in the most proximal part of the fallopian tube.

This leaflet is to help you understand the use and goals of early pregnancy ultrasound, how to prepare for it, and what to watch out for.

This leaflet is to help you understand more about Cesarean scar pregnancy.

This leaflet is to help you understand what cervical ectopic pregnancy is, how cervical ectopic pregnancy happens, what the symptoms are, and the recurrence for the next pregnancy.

This leaflet is designed to help you understand what interstitial ectopic pregnancy (IEP) is, how it happens, what the symptoms are, and the risk of recurrence.

This leaflet is to help you understand what Intramural Ectopic Pregnancy is, what tests you need and the implication of being diagnosed for you, your baby and your family.

This leaflet is to help you understand what an ovarian ectopic pregnancy is, what tests you need and the implication of being diagnosed are for you, your baby and your family.

This leaflet is to help you understand what rudimentary-horn-pregnancy is, what tests you need and the implication of being diagnosed for you, your baby and your family.

This leaflet is to help you understand Tubal Ectopic Pregnancy.

This leaflet is to help you understand what Pregnancy of Unknown Location (PUL) is, what are its symptoms, what tests do you need, and what should you be watching out for.

This leaflet is to give you an overview and understand what's involved during the first-trimester ultrasound examination of the fetal abdomen.